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Frame Size - Frame size is a measurement of the length of the seat tube. Some companies measure from the center of the bottem bracket to the top of the seat tube (measurement A in the diagram below). Others measure from the center of the bottom bracket to the top or center of the top tube. On road bikes the measurement is usually given in centimeters. On mountain bikes it usually done in inches. Some manufactures don't provide a measurement, but rather make a few size frames and label them small, medium and large
Stand over height and clearence - The stand over height is the distance from the ground to the top of the top tube (measurement K in the diagram). The clearence is the distance from your crotch to the top of the top tube when you straddle the bike. The standover height is not a mesurement that manufactureer usually give, but it is very useful to buyers. (Tip to sellers - Put the standover height in your ad.) This measurement wiil let you know if you can straddle the bike and if you will have clearance. For a road bike you should have at least an inch of clearence. For a mountian bike, it should be at least two inches of clearence.
Top tube length - The top tube length is the distance labeled C in the above diagram. The top tube length and the stem will determine how upright or stretched out you will be when riding. Replacing the stem can change your position. However the stem can be expensive, so if you buy a bike that does not fit and you plan to correct the fit by replacing the stem, just be aware of the potential cost of the stem and the installation.